Few ideas have been more useful in modern analog and mixed signal IC's as the Bandgap Voltage Reference. The predictable and stable voltage it provides is an island of constancy in a sea of vast ...

Modern-day CMOS converters typically operate from 3.3- or 5-V power supplies. This will limit the on-chip voltage reference to a bandgap reference. Reference technology in integrated circuits (ICs) is ...

What could be more basic than a voltage reference—a simple, constant reference voltage? As with all design topics, there are tradeoffs. This article discusses the different types of voltage references ...

CMOS voltage reference circuits are integral to modern electronic systems, providing a stable and reproducible voltage that underpins the performance of myriad integrated devices. These circuits ...

A precise, temperature-compensated voltage reference circuit lies at the heart of every analog-to-digital converter. Voltage-reference technology hadn't changed fundamentally in decades until last ...