Animals survive in changing and unpredictable environments by not merely responding to new circumstances, but also, like humans, by forming inferences about their surroundings—for instance, squirrels ...

This paper describes threats to making valid causal inferences about pandemic impacts on student learning based on cross-year comparisons of average test scores. The paper uses Spring 2021 test score ...

At the core of science is a commitment to rigorous reasoning, method, and the use of evidence. The final session of the workshop was designed to take a step back from the specific issues of how ...